Building confidence in non-animal methods: Practical examples of collaboration between regulators, researchers and industry

In the field of systemic toxicity practical solutions are being derived through collaborative efforts to replace repeat dose toxicity testing for the Cosmetic Industry. Progress, particularly in the areas of Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) and Read-Across, means that these strategies have evolved and are probably ready to serve safety assessment. A Next Generation Risk Assessment workflow has recently emerged, which is enabling the paradigm shift to being exposure led and Mode of Action driven, using New Approach Methods. Open discussion with stakeholders is critically important to build confidence in moving away from reliance on animal toxicity data and allow for development and eventual uptake of the approaches.