TY - JOUR
KW - biomaterials
KW - Materials science
KW - Tissue engineering
AU - Andreja Dobaj Štiglic
AU - Fazilet Gürer
AU - Florian Lackner
AU - Doris Bračič
AU - Armin Winter
AU - Lidija Gradišnik
AU - Damjan Makuc
AU - Rupert Kargl
AU - Isabel Duarte
AU - Janez Plavec
AU - Uroš Maver
AU - Marco Beaumont
AU - Karin Stana Kleinschek
AU - Tamilselvan Mohan
AB - Herein, we fabricated chemically cross-linked polysaccharide-based three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds using an ink composed of nanofibrillated cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and citric acid (CA), featuring strong shear thinning behavior and adequate printability. Scaffolds were produced by combining direct-ink-writing 3D printing, freeze-drying, and dehydrothermal heat-assisted cross-linking techniques. The last step induces a reaction of CA. Degree of cross-linking was controlled by varying the CA concentration (2.5–10.0 wt.%) to tune the structure, swelling, degradation, and surface properties (pores: 100-450 μm, porosity: 86%) of the scaffolds in the dry and hydrated states. Compressive strength, elastic modulus, and shape recovery of the cross-linked scaffolds increased significantly with increasing cross-linker concentration. Cross-linked scaffolds promoted clustered cell adhesion and showed no cytotoxic effects as determined by the viability assay and live/dead staining with human osteoblast cells. The proposed method can be extended to all polysaccharide-based materials to develop cell-friendly scaffolds suitable for tissue engineering applications.
BT - iScience
DA - 2022-05-20
DO - 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104263
IS - 5
N2 - Herein, we fabricated chemically cross-linked polysaccharide-based three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds using an ink composed of nanofibrillated cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and citric acid (CA), featuring strong shear thinning behavior and adequate printability. Scaffolds were produced by combining direct-ink-writing 3D printing, freeze-drying, and dehydrothermal heat-assisted cross-linking techniques. The last step induces a reaction of CA. Degree of cross-linking was controlled by varying the CA concentration (2.5–10.0 wt.%) to tune the structure, swelling, degradation, and surface properties (pores: 100-450 μm, porosity: 86%) of the scaffolds in the dry and hydrated states. Compressive strength, elastic modulus, and shape recovery of the cross-linked scaffolds increased significantly with increasing cross-linker concentration. Cross-linked scaffolds promoted clustered cell adhesion and showed no cytotoxic effects as determined by the viability assay and live/dead staining with human osteoblast cells. The proposed method can be extended to all polysaccharide-based materials to develop cell-friendly scaffolds suitable for tissue engineering applications.
PY - 2022
EP - 104263
T2 - iScience
TI - Organic acid cross-linked 3D printed cellulose nanocomposite bioscaffolds with controlled porosity, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004222005338
VL - 25
Y2 - 2025-04-03
SN - 2589-0042
ER -