01735nas a2200265   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001100043653001900054653001800073653003100091653002000122653001700142653002100159100002000180700002000200700001700220700002200237245008600259856004400345300000800389490000700397520105100404022001401455       2021                            d  c2021/210abody-on-a-chip10amicrofluidics10amicrophysiological systems10aorgan-on-a-chip10atissue chips10atissue-on-a-chip1 aLeslie Donoghue1 aKhanh T. Nguyen1 aCaleb Graham1 aPalaniappan Sethu00aTissue Chips and Microphysiological Systems for Disease Modeling and Drug Testing  uhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/12/2/139  a1390 v123 aTissue chips (TCs) and microphysiological systems (MPSs) that incorporate human cells are novel platforms to model disease and screen drugs and provide an alternative to traditional animal studies. This review highlights the basic definitions of TCs and MPSs, examines four major organs/tissues, identifies critical parameters for organization and function (tissue organization, blood flow, and physical stresses), reviews current microfluidic approaches to recreate tissues, and discusses current shortcomings and future directions for the development and application of these technologies. The organs emphasized are those involved in the metabolism or excretion of drugs (hepatic and renal systems) and organs sensitive to drug toxicity (cardiovascular system). This article examines the microfluidic/microfabrication approaches for each organ individually and identifies specific examples of TCs. This review will provide an excellent starting point for understanding, designing, and constructing novel TCs for possible integration within MPS.  a2072-666X