01584nas a2200277   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042653003700057653001400094653002200108653002300130100002200153700001900175700001900194700002000213700002100233700002700254700001700281700002700298245010800325856007200433300001100505490000600516520077000522022001401292       2025                            d  c2025-03-2110aBiotechnology and bioengineering10aChemistry10aMaterial sciences10aTissue engineering1 aTamilselvan Mohan1 aMatej Bračič1 aDoris Bračič1 aFlorian Lackner1 aChandran Nagaraj1 aAndreja Dobaj Štiglic1 aRupert Kargl1 aKarin Stana Kleinschek00aProtocol for the fabrication of self-standing (nano)cellulose-based 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666166724007482  a1035830 v63 aThree-dimensional (3D) and porous scaffolds made from nanocellulosic materials hold significant potential in tissue engineering (TE). Here, we present a protocol for fabricating self-standing (nano)cellulose-based 3D scaffolds designed for in vitro testing of cells from skin and cartilage tissues. We describe steps for preparation of nanocellulose ink, scaffold formation using 3D printing, and freeze-drying. We then detail post-processing procedures to enhance mechanical properties, stability, and biocompatibility. This protocol offers researchers a framework for developing versatile and sustainable biomaterials for regenerative medicine. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Mohan et al.1 and Štiglic et al.2  a2666-1667