01893nas a2200229   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260000900043653002600052653001900078653001900097653002100116653002600137100001800163700001900181245004900200856006700249300001200316490000700328520131400335022001401649       2024                            d  c202410aOrganoid Intelligence10abrain organoid10aIn vitro model10aneurodevelopment10aPersonalized medicine1 aLena Smirnova1 aThomas Hartung00aThe Promise and Potential of Brain Organoids  uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adhm.202302745  a23027450 v133 aBrain organoids are 3D in vitro culture systems derived from human pluripotent stem cells that self-organize to model features of the (developing) human brain. This review examines the techniques behind organoid generation, their current and potential applications, and future directions for the field. Brain organoids possess complex architecture containing various neural cell types, synapses, and myelination. They have been utilized for toxicology testing, disease modeling, infection studies, personalized medicine, and gene-environment interaction studies. An emerging concept termed Organoid Intelligence (OI) combines organoids with artificial intelligence systems to generate learning and memory, with the goals of modeling cognition and enabling biological computing applications. Brain organoids allow neuroscience studies not previously achievable with traditional techniques, and have the potential to transform disease modeling, drug development, and the understanding of human brain development and disorders. The aspirational vision of OI parallels the origins of artificial intelligence, and efforts are underway to map a roadmap toward its realization. In summary, brain organoids constitute a disruptive technology that is rapidly advancing and gaining traction across multiple disciplines.  a2192-2659