02755nas a2200373   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042653002600057653001700083653001300100653003100113653002300144653002600167100001900193700001700212700002300229700002200252700002100274700002200295700002500317700002000342700001700362700002000379700002400399700002400423700002600447700002000473245008000493856004700573300000700620490000700627520173300634022001402367       2024                            d  c2024-01-2310aAlzheimer’s disease10aInflammation10amodeling10aNeurodegenerative Diseases10aNeuroimmune system10aParkinson’s disease1 aWendy Balestri1 aRuchi Sharma1 aVictor A. da Silva1 aBianca C. Bobotis1 aAnnabel J. Curle1 aVandana Kothakota1 aFarnoosh Kalantarnia1 aMaria V. Hangad1 aMina Hoorfar1 aJoanne L. Jones1 aMarie-Ève Tremblay1 aJehan J. El-Jawhari1 aStephanie M. Willerth1 aYvonne Reinwald00aModeling the neuroimmune system in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases  uhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03024-8  a320 v213 aParkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are neurodegenerative disorders caused by the interaction of genetic, environmental, and familial factors. These diseases have distinct pathologies and symptoms that are linked to specific cell populations in the brain. Notably, the immune system has been implicated in both diseases, with a particular focus on the dysfunction of microglia, the brain’s resident immune cells, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbating symptoms. Researchers use models of the neuroimmune system to gain a deeper understanding of the physiological and biological aspects of these neurodegenerative diseases and how they progress. Several in vitro and in vivo models, including 2D cultures and animal models, have been utilized. Recently, advancements have been made in optimizing these existing models and developing 3D models and organ-on-a-chip systems, holding tremendous promise in accurately mimicking the intricate intracellular environment. As a result, these models represent a crucial breakthrough in the transformation of current treatments for PD and AD by offering potential for conducting long-term disease-based modeling for therapeutic testing, reducing reliance on animal models, and significantly improving cell viability compared to conventional 2D models. The application of 3D and organ-on-a-chip models in neurodegenerative disease research marks a prosperous step forward, providing a more realistic representation of the complex interactions within the neuroimmune system. Ultimately, these refined models of the neuroimmune system aim to aid in the quest to combat and mitigate the impact of debilitating neuroimmune diseases on patients and their families.  a1742-2094