01636nas a2200229   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042653001800057653003100075653001800106653001100124653001900135100001700154700001600171700001900187245008900206856007200295300001000367490000700377520100800384022001401392       2020                            d  c2020-06-0110amicrofluidics10amicrophysiological systems10aNeural tissue10aneuron10aOrgan-on-chips1 aKyla Nichols1 aRyan Koppes1 aAbigail Koppes00aRecent advancements in microphysiological systems for neural development and disease  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468451120300192  a42-510 v143 aMicrophysiological systems (MPSs) of the nervous system provide physiologically relevant models for studying disease and development. Historically, sourcing of neurons was a limitation of in vitro models. Recently, MPSs have been fabricated that use human-induced pluripotent stem cells and cocultures of multiple cell types, making MPSs increasingly useful toward mimicking in vivo conditions. These MPSs include models ranging from Alzheimer disease to peripheral nerve regeneration. Integrated electrodes are being used to probe and analyze neuronal responses directly from the MPS. New technological developments, such as 3D printing, have made MPSs more accessible and scalable. Commercial options are coming to market, including neuron specific chip companies: AxoSim, Xona Microfluidics, and MicroBrain BT, expanding further the accessibility of using MPSs for research in developmental biology, disease, and therapeutics. This review covers historical and future outlooks of innervated MPSs.  a2468-4511