02510nas a2200361   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653002700055653001100082653001300093653002900106100001800135700001900153700002000172700002100192700001700213700002100230700002400251700002300275700003200298700002000330700002000350700002000370700002300390700002100413245003100434856005500465300001400520490000800534520159200542022001402134       2024                            d  c2024-1010aBiomedical Engineering10aDesign10aPolymers10asynthesis and processing1 aCallum Vidler1 aMichael Halwes1 aKirill Kolesnik1 aPhilipp Segeritz1 aMatthew Mail1 aAnders J. Barlow1 aEmmanuelle M. Koehl1 aAnand Ramakrishnan1 aLilith M. Caballero Aguilar1 aDavid R. Nisbet1 aDaniel J. Scott1 aDaniel E. Heath1 aKenneth B. Crozier1 aDavid J. Collins00aDynamic interface printing  uhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08077-6  a1096-11020 v6343 aAdditive manufacturing is an expanding multidisciplinary field encompassing applications including medical devices1, aerospace components2, microfabrication strategies3,4 and artificial organs5. Among additive manufacturing approaches, light-based printing technologies, including two-photon polymerization6, projection micro stereolithography7,8 and volumetric printing9–14, have garnered significant attention due to their speed, resolution or potential applications for biofabrication. Here we introduce dynamic interface printing, a new 3D printing approach that leverages an acoustically modulated, constrained air–liquid boundary to rapidly generate centimetre-scale 3D structures within tens of seconds. Unlike volumetric approaches, this process eliminates the need for intricate feedback systems, specialized chemistry or complex optics while maintaining rapid printing speeds. We demonstrate the versatility of this technique across a broad array of materials and intricate geometries, including those that would be impossible to print with conventional layer-by-layer methods. In doing so, we demonstrate the rapid fabrication of complex structures in situ, overprinting, structural parallelization and biofabrication utility. Moreover, we show that the formation of surface waves at the air–liquid boundary enables enhanced mass transport, improves material flexibility and permits 3D particle patterning. We, therefore, anticipate that this approach will be invaluable for applications where high-resolution, scalable throughput and biocompatible printing is required.  a1476-4687