02275nas a2200313   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043653003000058653002400088653002500112653002000137653003800157653001500195100002100210700001900231700002400250700002000274700001700294700002400311700001900335700002200354700002100376245007000397300001400467490001200481520145400493022001401947       2018                            d  c2018-07-0110aAdverse outcomes pathways10aChemical management10aEnvironmental Health10aRisk Assessment10aSocial, ethical and legal aspects10aToxicology1 aAnnamaria Carusi1 aMark R. Davies1 aGiovanni De Grandis1 aBeate I. Escher1 aGeoff Hodges1 aKenneth M. Y. Leung1 aMaurice Whelan1 aCatherine Willett1 aGerald T. Ankley00aHarvesting the promise of AOPs: An assessment and recommendations  a1542-15560 v628-6293 aThe Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept is a knowledge assembly and communication tool to facilitate the transparent translation of mechanistic information into outcomes meaningful to the regulatory assessment of chemicals. The AOP framework and associated knowledgebases (KBs) have received significant attention and use in the regulatory toxicology community. However, it is increasingly apparent that the potential stakeholder community for the AOP concept and AOP KBs is broader than scientists and regulators directly involved in chemical safety assessment. In this paper we identify and describe those stakeholders who currently-or in the future-could benefit from the application of the AOP framework and knowledge to specific problems. We also summarize the challenges faced in implementing pathway-based approaches such as the AOP framework in biological sciences, and provide a series of recommendations to meet critical needs to ensure further progression of the framework as a useful, sustainable and dependable tool supporting assessments of both human health and the environment. Although the AOP concept has the potential to significantly impact the organization and interpretation of biological information in a variety of disciplines/applications, this promise can only be fully realized through the active engagement of, and input from multiple stakeholders, requiring multi-pronged substantive long-term planning and strategies.  a1879-1026