01624nas a2200229   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042100001500057700001600072700001600088700001800104700001600122700001300138700001100151700001700162700001900179245006100198856005900259300000700318490000700325520106200332       2023                            d  c2023-08-221 aMinjun Ahn1 aWon-Woo Cho1 aWonbin Park1 aJae-Seong Lee1 aMin-Ju Choi1 aQiqi Gao1 aGe Gao1 aDong-Woo Cho1 aByoung Soo Kim00a3D biofabrication of diseased human skin models in vitro  uhttps://spj.science.org/doi/10.1186/s40824-023-00415-5  a800 v273 aHuman skin is an organ located in the outermost part of the body; thus, it frequently exhibits visible signs of physiological health. Ethical concerns and genetic differences in conventional animal studies have increased the need for alternative in vitro platforms that mimic the structural and functional hallmarks of natural skin. Despite significant advances in in vitro skin modeling over the past few decades, different reproducible biofabrication strategies are required to reproduce the pathological features of diseased human skin compared to those used for healthy-skin models. To explain human skin modeling with pathological hallmarks, we first summarize the structural and functional characteristics of healthy human skin. We then provide an extensive overview of how to recreate diseased human skin models in vitro, including models for wounded, diabetic, skin-cancer, atopic, and other pathological skin types. We conclude with an outlook on diseased-skin modeling and its technical perspective for the further development of skin engineering.