02185nas a2200265   4500000000100000008004100001260001200042653001900054653002100073653001300094653001300107653001500120653001700135100001900152700001900171700001800190700002600208700001900234245013600253856006600389300001300455490000600468520143100474022001401905       2022                            d  c2022-0310a3D bioprinting10aDrug development10ain vitro10aorganoid10askin model10askin-on-chip1 aEmily Sutterby1 aPeter Thurgood1 aSara Baratchi1 aKhashayar Khoshmanesh1 aElena Pirogova00aEvaluation of in vitro human skin models for studying effects of external stressors and stimuli and developing treatment modalities  uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/VIW.20210012  a202100120 v33 aAbstract Skin is exposed to a variety of potential stressors and stimulators that may impact homeostasis, healing, tumor development, inflammation, and irritation. As such it is important to understand the impact that these stimuli have on skin health and function, and to develop therapeutic interventions. Animal experiments have been the gold standard for testing the safety and efficacy of therapeutics and observing disease pathology for centuries. However, complex ethics, costs, time consumption, and interspecies variation limit the transferability of results to humans and reduce their repeatability and reliability. Furthermore, traditional 2D cell studies are not representative of human tissue. Skin tissue is a dynamic environment, and when cells are isolated in unphysiologically stiff, static petri dishes their behavior, and phenotypic expression is altered. Increasingly complex in vitro models of human skin, including organoids, 3D bioprinting, and skin-on-a-chip platforms, present the opportunity to gain insight into how stressors affect tissue at a cellular level in a controlled and repeatable environment. This insight can be leveraged to further understand pathological skin conditions and better formulate and validate drugs and therapeutics. Here, we will discuss the application of in vitro skin modeling to investigating the effects of mechanical, electromagnetic, and chemical stressors on skin.  a2688-268X