01811nas a2200253   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042653003300057653003900090653001800129653001800147653001700165653002300182100001500205700001600220700002200236700001800258245010400276856007200380300001100452490000700463520107300470022001401543       2024                            d  c2024-06-0110aAlternative toxicology model10aCarbon nanomaterial (GO and MWCNT)10aLung fibrosis10aLung organoid10aNanotoxicity10aPulmonary exposure1 aRahaf Issa1 aNeus Lozano1 aKostas Kostarelos1 aSandra Vranic00aFunctioning human lung organoids model pulmonary tissue response from carbon nanomaterial exposures  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1748013224001099  a1022540 v563 aHuman lung organoids (HLOs) are increasingly used to model development and infectious diseases, however their ability to recapitulate functional pulmonary tissue response to nanomaterial (NM) exposures has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we established a lung organoid exposure model that utilises microinjection to present NMs into the lumen of organoids. Our model assures efficient, reproducible and controllable exposure of the apical pulmonary epithelium, emulating real-life human exposure scenario. By comparing the impact of two well studied carbon-based NMs, graphene oxide sheets (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), we validated lung organoids as tools for predicting pulmonary NM-driven responses. In agreement with established in vivo data, we demonstrate that MWCNT, but not GO, elicit adverse effects on lung organoids, leading to a pro-fibrotic phenotype. Our findings reveal the capacity and suitability of HLOs for hazard assessment of NMs, aligned with the much sought-out 3Rs (animal research replacement, reduction, refinement) framework.  a1748-0132