01713nas a2200217   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042653001600057653001600073653002900089653001400118653001500132100002000147700002100167245010700188856007200295300001200367490000700379520109500386022001401481       2023                            d  c2023-04-0110aAssembloids10aDevelopment10aNeuropsychiatric disease10aorganoids10aStem cells1 aRebecca J. Levy1 aSergiu P. Pașca00aWhat Have Organoids and Assembloids Taught Us About the Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders?  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322322017978  a632-6410 v933 aNeuropsychiatric research has been impeded by limited access to human brain tissue, especially from early stages of neurodevelopment when the pathophysiology of many childhood-onset disorders is initiated. Neural organoids are 3-dimensional, self-organizing, multicellular structures generated from pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some of the cell diversity, cytoarchitecture, and functional features of domains of the developing nervous system. Assembloids are 3-dimensional, self-organizing cultures created by the combination of two or more distinctly patterned organoids or an organoid plus additional cell or tissue type(s) that are used to model cell migration and connectivity. Here we review recent advances in neuropsychiatric disorder research using organoid and assembloid models to study the role of disease-relevant genes and mutations, as well as the impact of environmental risk factors on neural development. We also highlight some of the advantages and limitations of these model systems in bringing insights into the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.  a0006-3223