01398nas a2200169   4500000000100000008004100001260000900042100001700051700002200068700002000090700002000110245005100130856006800181490000700249520095800256022001401214       2023                            d  c20231 aTessa Hughes1 aKrijn K. Dijkstra1 aEmma L. Rawlins1 aRobert E. Hynds00aOpen questions in human lung organoid research  uhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.10830170 v133 aOrganoids have become a prominent model system in pulmonary research. The ability to establish organoid cultures directly from patient tissue has expanded the repertoire of physiologically relevant preclinical model systems. In addition to their derivation from adult lung stem/progenitor cells, lung organoids can be derived from fetal tissue or induced pluripotent stem cells to fill a critical gap in modelling pulmonary development in vitro. Recent years have seen important progress in the characterisation and refinement of organoid culture systems. Here, we address several open questions in the field, including how closely organoids recapitulate the tissue of origin, how well organoids recapitulate patient cohorts, and how well organoids capture diversity within a patient. We advocate deeper characterisation of models using single cell technologies, generation of more diverse organoid biobanks and further standardisation of culture media.  a1663-9812