01667nas a2200229   4500000000100000008004100001260001400042100002200056700002100078700002100099700001600120700001500136700002100151700002400172700002600196245010400222856005900326300001200385490000700397520101900404022001401423       2023                            d  c2023-7-061 aHanna Vuorenpää1 aMiina Björninen1 aHannu Välimäki1 aAntti Ahola1 aMart Kroon1 aLaura Honkamäki1 aJussi T. Koivumäki1 aMari Pekkanen-Mattila00aBuilding blocks of microphysiological system to model physiology and pathophysiology of human heart  uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10358860/  a12139590 v143 aMicrophysiological systems (MPS) are drawing increasing interest from academia and from biomedical industry due to their improved capability to capture human physiology. MPS offer an advanced in vitro platform that can be used to study human organ and tissue level functions in health and in diseased states more accurately than traditional single cell cultures or even animal models. Key features in MPS include microenvironmental control and monitoring as well as high biological complexity of the target tissue. To reach these qualities, cross-disciplinary collaboration from multiple fields of science is required to build MPS. Here, we review different areas of expertise and describe essential building blocks of heart MPS including relevant cardiac cell types, supporting matrix, mechanical stimulation, functional measurements, and computational modelling. The review presents current methods in cardiac MPS and provides insights for future MPS development with improved recapitulation of human physiology.  a1664-042X