03151nas a2200409   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653003200055653001200087653002500099653001000124653002100134653001100155100001700166700001700183700001700200700001700217700002200234700002600256700001600282700002100298700002300319700001900342700003700361700001700398700001700415700001700432700001600449700002500465700001700490245010300507300001100610490000700621520209900628022001402727       2023                            d  c2023-0810abiomimetic microenvironment10acardiac10acardiac regeneration10aHeart10amicroenvironment10areview1 aAnoosha Khan1 aPriya Kumari1 aNaina Kumari1 aUsman Shaikh1 aChukwuyem Ekhator1 aRaghu Halappa Nagaraj1 aVikas Yadav1 aAimen Waqar Khan1 aSlobodan Lazarevic1 aBishal Bharati1 aGautham Lakshmipriya Vetrivendan1 aAsmita Mulmi1 aHana Mohamed1 aAshraf Ullah1 aBijan Kadel1 aSophia B. Bellegarde1 aAbdur Rehman00aBiomimetic Approaches in Cardiac Tissue Engineering: Replicating the Native Heart Microenvironment  ae434310 v153 aCardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, pose significant challenges in medical practice, necessitating innovative approaches for cardiac repair and regeneration. Cardiac tissue engineering has emerged as a promising solution, aiming to develop functional and physiologically relevant cardiac tissue constructs. Replicating the native heart microenvironment, with its complex and dynamic milieu necessary for cardiac tissue growth and function, is crucial in tissue engineering. Biomimetic strategies that closely mimic the natural heart microenvironment have gained significant interest due to their potential to enhance synthetic cardiac tissue functionality and therapeutic applicability. Biomimetic approaches focus on mimicking biochemical cues, mechanical stimuli, coordinated electrical signaling, and cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions of cardiac tissue. By combining bioactive ligands, controlled delivery systems, appropriate biomaterial characteristics, electrical signals, and strategies to enhance cell interactions, biomimetic approaches provide a more physiologically relevant environment for tissue growth. The replication of the native cardiac microenvironment enables precise regulation of cellular responses, tissue remodeling, and the development of functional cardiac tissue constructs. Challenges and future directions include refining complex biochemical signaling networks, paracrine signaling, synchronized electrical networks, and cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions. Advancements in biomimetic approaches hold great promise for cardiovascular regenerative medicine, offering potential therapeutic strategies and revolutionizing cardiac disease modeling. These approaches contribute to the development of more effective treatments, personalized medicine, and improved patient outcomes. Ongoing research and innovation in biomimetic approaches have the potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine and cardiac disease modeling by replicating the native heart microenvironment, advancing functional cardiac tissue engineering, and improving patient outcomes.  a2168-8184