03299nas a2200361   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043653002700058653001200085653000900097653002900106653001100135653001900146653002000165653002200185100001600207700001600223700001500239700001900254700002200273700002100295700002000316700002300336700002000359700001900379245010200398856004800500300000800548490000800556520235900564022001402923       2007                            d  c2007-01-2510aanimal experimentation10aAnimals10abias10aClinical Trials as Topic10aHumans10aModels, Animal10aResearch Design10aTreatment Outcome1 aPablo Perel1 aIan Roberts1 aEmily Sena1 aPhilipa Wheble1 aCatherine Briscoe1 aPeter Sandercock1 aMalcolm Macleod1 aLuciano E. Mignini1 aPradeep Jayaram1 aKhalid S. Khan00aComparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review  uhttps://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39048.407928.BE  a1970 v3343 aOBJECTIVE: To examine concordance between treatment effects in animal experiments and clinical trials. Study design Systematic review.
DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, SIGLE, NTIS, Science Citation Index, CAB, BIOSIS.
STUDY SELECTION: Animal studies for interventions with unambiguous evidence of a treatment effect (benefit or harm) in clinical trials: head injury, antifibrinolytics in haemorrhage, thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke, tirilazad in acute ischaemic stroke, antenatal corticosteroids to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and bisphosphonates to treat osteoporosis. Review methods Data were extracted on study design, allocation concealment, number of randomised animals, type of model, intervention, and outcome.
RESULTS: Corticosteroids did not show any benefit in clinical trials of treatment for head injury but did show a benefit in animal models (pooled odds ratio for adverse functional outcome 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.41 to 0.83). Antifibrinolytics reduced bleeding in clinical trials but the data were inconclusive in animal models. Thrombolysis improved outcome in patients with ischaemic stroke. In animal models, tissue plasminogen activator reduced infarct volume by 24% (95% confidence interval 20% to 28%) and improved neurobehavioural scores by 23% (17% to 29%). Tirilazad was associated with a worse outcome in patients with ischaemic stroke. In animal models, tirilazad reduced infarct volume by 29% (21% to 37%) and improved neurobehavioural scores by 48% (29% to 67%). Antenatal corticosteroids reduced respiratory distress and mortality in neonates whereas in animal models respiratory distress was reduced but the effect on mortality was inconclusive (odds ratio 4.2, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 20.9). Bisphosphonates increased bone mineral density in patients with osteoporosis. In animal models the bisphosphonate alendronate increased bone mineral density compared with placebo by 11.0% (95% confidence interval 9.2% to 12.9%) in the combined results for the hip region. The corresponding treatment effect in the lumbar spine was 8.5% (5.8% to 11.2%) and in the combined results for the forearms (baboons only) was 1.7% (-1.4% to 4.7%).
CONCLUSIONS: Discordance between animal and human studies may be due to bias or to the failure of animal models to mimic clinical disease adequately.  a1756-1833