01425nas a2200205   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653001800055653001400073653001300087653002600100653002300126100002300149245011100172300001200283490001500295520089500310022001401205       2022                            d  c2022-1110aanimal models10abioethics10achimeras10aharm-benefit analysis10atherioepistemology1 aCarolyn P. Neuhaus00aThreats to Benefits: Assessing Knowledge Production in Nonhuman Models of Human Neuropsychiatric Disorders  aS34-S400 v52 Suppl 23 aRecent reports and papers on chimeric research highlight the promise of chimeric models of human neuropsychiatric disorders to ameliorate human suffering due to autism spectrum disorders, depression, and schizophrenia. These calls, however, typically do not acknowledge, much less address, criticisms of model creation and validation, or concerns about scientific conduct more generally. The ethical justification for the use of nonhuman animals in research depends on the production of benefits to humans based on such research. But the assessment and production of benefits are highly uncertain and rife with both practical and conceptual challenges. This essay provides a general framework for classifying the benefits of biomedical research and then focuses on two factors that directly impact-and threaten-the production of knowledge in research that models neuropsychiatric disorders.  a1552-146X