01570nas a2200301   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653001100055653001800066653002600084653001400110653001400124653002300138653002700161653001800188653001400206653002700220100001600247700001500263700002100278700001800299245004000317300001200357490000700369520087800376022001401254       2020                            d  c2020-0810aHumans10aImmunotherapy10aModels, Immunological10aNeoplasms10aorganoids10aPrecision Medicine10aTumor Microenvironment10aImmunotherapy10aorganoids10aTumor Microenvironment1 aKanako Yuki1 aNing Cheng1 aMichitaka Nakano1 aCalvin J. Kuo00aOrganoid Models of Tumor Immunology  a652-6640 v413 aCellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly govern cancer progression and drug response. The efficacy of clinical immunotherapies has fostered an exponential interest in the tumor immune microenvironment, which in turn has engendered a pressing need for robust experimental systems modeling patient-specific tumor-immune interactions. Traditional 2D in vitro tumor immunotherapy models have reconstituted immortalized cancer cell lines with immune components, often from peripheral blood. However, newly developed 3D in vitro organoid culture methods now allow the routine culture of primary human tumor biopsies and increasingly incorporate immune components. Here, we present a viewpoint on recent advances, and propose translational applications of tumor organoids for immuno-oncology research, immunotherapy modeling, and precision medicine.  a1471-4981