02595nas a2200301   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653001600055653003000071653001100101653002400112653001400136653003100150653003100181653003200212653002500244653001500269100002100284700001700305700002200322700002800344245009300372300001400465490000700479520179300486022001402279       2022                            d  c2022-0910aBioprinting10aGastrointestinal Diseases10aHumans10aModels, Theoretical10aorganoids10aReproducibility of Results10agastrointestinal pathology10agastrointestinal physiology10aintestinal stem cell10aStem cells1 aClaudia Günther1 aBeate Winner1 aMarkus F. Neurath1 aThaddeus S. Stappenbeck00aOrganoids in gastrointestinal diseases: from experimental models to clinical translation  a1892-19080 v713 aWe are entering an era of medicine where increasingly sophisticated data will be obtained from patients to determine proper diagnosis, predict outcomes and direct therapies. We predict that the most valuable data will be produced by systems that are highly dynamic in both time and space. Three-dimensional (3D) organoids are poised to be such a highly valuable system for a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In the lab, organoids have emerged as powerful systems to model molecular and cellular processes orchestrating natural and pathophysiological human tissue formation in remarkable detail. Preclinical studies have impressively demonstrated that these organs-in-a-dish can be used to model immunological, neoplastic, metabolic or infectious GI disorders by taking advantage of patient-derived material. Technological breakthroughs now allow to study cellular communication and molecular mechanisms of interorgan cross-talk in health and disease including communication along for example, the gut-brain axis or gut-liver axis. Despite considerable success in culturing classical 3D organoids from various parts of the GI tract, some challenges remain to develop these systems to best help patients. Novel platforms such as organ-on-a-chip, engineered biomimetic systems including engineered organoids, micromanufacturing, bioprinting and enhanced rigour and reproducibility will open improved avenues for tissue engineering, as well as regenerative and personalised medicine. This review will highlight some of the established methods and also some exciting novel perspectives on organoids in the fields of gastroenterology. At present, this field is poised to move forward and impact many currently intractable GI diseases in the form of novel diagnostics and therapeutics.  a1468-3288