02069nas a2200481   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043653003200058653001200090653002500102653003200127653003200159653001100191653002200202653000900224653002700233653003600260653001800296653001900314653001400333653002300347653001300370653001500383653001500398653000900413653001400422653001400436653002100450653001200471653001500483653002000498653001300518653001000531100001800541700003400559700001700593245008000610300001200690490000700702520086400709022001401573       2021                            d  c2021-06-0910aAnimal Testing Alternatives10aAnimals10aCoculture Techniques10aGastrointestinal Microbiome10aHost Microbial Interactions10aHumans10aIntestinal Mucosa10aMice10aMicrobial Interactions10aMicrochip Analytical Procedures10amicrofluidics10aModels, Animal10aorganoids10aPrecision Medicine10abacteria10aCo-culture10aEpithelium10ahost10ainfection10aintestine10ain vitro models10amicrobe10amicrobiota10aorgan-on-a-chip10aorganoid10avirus1 aJens Puschhof1 aCayetano Pleguezuelos-Manzano1 aHans Clevers00aOrganoids and organs-on-chips: Insights into human gut-microbe interactions  a867-8780 v293 aThe important and diverse roles of the gut microbiota in human health and disease are increasingly recognized. The difficulty of inferring causation from metagenomic microbiome sequencing studies and from mouse-human interspecies differences has prompted the development of sophisticated in vitro models of human gut-microbe interactions. Here, we review recent advances in the co-culture of microbes with intestinal and colonic epithelia, comparing the rapidly developing fields of organoids and organs-on-chips with other standard models. We describe how specific individual processes by which microbes and epithelia interact can be recapitulated in vitro. Using examples of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, we highlight the advantages of each culture model and discuss current trends and future possibilities to build more complex co-cultures.  a1934-6069