02432nas a2200253   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043653003200058653001100090653002200101653002900123100002700152700002300179700001800202700002500220700001800245700002600263245009700289300000900386490000700395520176200402022001402164       2020                            d  c2020-07-1010aanimal-to-human translation10aethics10aSystematic review10atranslational strategies1 aMerel Ritskes-Hoitinga1 aCathalijn Leenaars1 aWouter Beumer1 aTineke Coenen-de Roo1 aFrans Stafleu1 aFranck L. B. Meijboom00aImproving Translation by Identifying Evidence for More Human-Relevant Preclinical Strategies  a11700 v103 aPreclinical animal studies are performed to analyse the safety and efficacy of new treatments, with the aim to protect humans. However, there are questions and concerns about the quality and usefulness of preclinical animal research. Translational success rates vary between 0 and 100%, and no clear relationship has been found with possible predictive factors such as animal species or field of research. Therefore, it is not yet possible to indicate what factors predict successful translation. Translational strategies were therefore discussed at an international conference held in the Netherlands in November 2019, aiming to develop practical guidelines for more robust animal-to-human translation. The conference was organised during the course of a research project funded by the Dutch Research Council (313-99-310), addressing possible solutions for the low translational values that had been published for a multitude of animal studies in human health care. This article provides an overview of the project and the conference discussions. Based on the conference results and the findings from the research project, we define four points of attention that are crucial in the search for improved translational success rates: (a) optimising the methods and design of studies; (b) incorporation of the complexity of the human patient in research; (c) start with the patient rather than existing animal models as the gold standard; and (d) more and better collaboration within the chain from funding to pharmacy. We conclude that this requires improved organization and use of procedures, as well as a change of attitude and culture in research, including a consideration of the translational value of animal-free innovations and human-relevant science.  a2076-2615