02000nas a2200337   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043653003000058653001500088653001900103653001200122653002400134653002100158653003200179653002000211653000900231653001900240653000900259653001300268653002600281100002400307700001800331700002600349700001800375245008400393300001200477490000700489520115200496022001401648       2018                            d  c2018-12-0110aAdaptation, Physiological10aAnesthesia10aanimal welfare10aAnimals10aAnimals, Laboratory10aBehavior, Animal10aBody Temperature Regulation10aHousing, Animal10aMice10aModels, Animal10aRats10aRodentia10aStress, Physiological1 aF. Claire Hankenson1 aJames O. Marx1 aChristopher J. Gordon1 aJohn M. David00aEffects of Rodent Thermoregulation on Animal Models in the Research Environment  a425-4380 v683 aTo best promote animal wellbeing and the efficacy of biomedical models, scientific, husbandry, and veterinary professionals must consider the mechanisms, influences, and outcomes of rodent thermoregulation in contemporary research environments. Over the last 2 decades, numerous studies have shown that laboratory mice and rats prefer temperatures that are several degrees warmer than the environments in which they typically are housed within biomedical facilities. Physiologic changes to rodents that are cage-housed under standard temperatures (20 to 26 °C) are attributed to 'cold stress' and include alterations in metabolism, cardiovascular parameters, respiration, and immunologic function. This review article describes common behavioral and physiologic adaptations of laboratory mice and rats to cold stress within modern vivaria, with emphasis on environmental enrichment and effects of anesthesia and procedural support efforts. In addition, potential interventions and outcomes for rodents are presented, relative to the importance of repeating and reproducing experiments involving laboratory rodent research models of human disease.  a2769-819X