02016nas a2200361   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653002700055653001200082653002400094653001100118653001900129653002000148653001100168653002100179653001800200653002400218653001500242653002200257653001300279100002000292700001700312700001500329700002300344700001700367700002200384245010700406300001200513490000700525520110800532022001401640       2016                            d  c2016-1210aanimal experimentation10aAnimals10aBiomedical Research10aHumans10aModels, Animal10aResearch Design10aethics10ahumane endpoints10aMeta-analysis10apre-clinical trials10astatistics10aSystematic review10aThree Rs1 aVijay Pal Singh1 aKunal Pratap1 aJuhi Sinha1 aKoundinya Desiraju1 aDevika Bahal1 aRitushree Kukreti00aCritical evaluation of challenges and future use of animals in experimentation for biomedical research  a551-5610 v293 aAnimal experiments that are conducted worldwide contribute to significant findings and breakthroughs in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of various diseases, bringing up appropriate clinical interventions. However, their predictive value is often low, leading to translational failure. Problems like translational failure of animal studies and poorly designed animal experiments lead to loss of animal lives and less translatable data which affect research outcomes ethically and economically. Due to increasing complexities in animal usage with changes in public perception and stringent guidelines, it is becoming difficult to use animals for conducting studies. This review deals with challenges like poor experimental design and ethical concerns and discusses key concepts like sample size, statistics in experimental design, humane endpoints, economic assessment, species difference, housing conditions, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses that are often neglected. If practiced, these strategies can refine the procedures effectively and help translate the outcomes efficiently.  a2058-7384