01362nas a2200217   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043100001700058700002200075700002200097700001800119700003600137700002100173245006900194856007200263300001400335490000700349520077400356022001401130       2019                            d  c2019-09-011 aNora Franzen1 aWim H. van Harten1 aValesca P. Retèl1 aPeter Loskill1 aJanny van den Eijnden-van Raaij1 aMaarten IJzerman00aImpact of organ-on-a-chip technology on pharmaceutical R&D costs  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135964461930042X  a1720-17240 v243 aHealthcare systems are faced with the challenge of providing innovative treatments, while shouldering high drug costs that pharmaceutical companies justify by the high costs of R&D. An emergent technology that could transform R&D efficiency is organ-on-a-chip. The technology bridges the gap between preclinical testing and human trials through better predictive models, significantly impacting R&D costs. Here, we present an expert survey on the future role of organ-on-a-chip in drug discovery and its potential quantitative impact. We find that the technology has the potential to reduce R&D costs significantly, driven by changes in direct costs, success rates and the length of the R&D process. Finally, we discuss regulatory challenges to efficiency improvements.  a1359-6446