01203nas a2200145   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042100001500057700002900072245008200101856005200183300001400235490000600249520080200255       2017                            d  c2017-09-111 aBarry Fine1 aGordana Vunjak-Novakovic00aShortcomings of Animal Models and the Rise of Engineered Human Cardiac Tissue  uhttps://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00662  a1884-18970 v33 aWe provide here an historical context of how studies utilizing engineered human cardiac muscle can complement and in some cases substitute animal and cell models for studies of disease and drug testing. We give an overview of the development of animal models and discuss the ability of novel human tissue models to overcome limited predictive power of cell culture and animal models in studies of drug efficacy and safety. The in vitro generation of cardiac tissue is discussed in the context of state of the art in the field. Finally we describe the assembly of multitissue platforms for more accurate representation of integrated human cardiac physiology and consider the advantages of in silico drug trials to augment our ability to predict drug–drug and organ–organ interactions in humans.