@article{2101,
  author = {Vivian V. T. Nguyen and Vasiliki Gkouzioti and Christian Maass and Marianne C. Verhaar and Robin W. M. Vernooij and Bas W. M. van Balkom},
  title = {A systematic review of kidney-on-a-chip-based models to study human renal (patho-)physiology},
  abstract = {As kidney diseases affect ∼10% of the world population, understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing therapeutic interventions are of high importance. Although animal models have enhanced knowledge of disease mechanisms, human (patho-)physiology may not be adequately represented in animals. Developments in microfluidics and renal cell biology have enabled the development of dynamic models to study renal (patho-)physiology in vitro. Allowing inclusion of human cells and combining different organ models, such as kidney-on-a-chip (KoC) models, enable the refinement and reduction of animal experiments. We systematically reviewed the methodological quality, applicability and effectiveness of kidney-based (multi-)organ-on-a-chip models, and describe the state-of-the-art, strengths and limitations, and opportunities regarding basic research and implementation of these models. We conclude that KoC models have evolved to complex models capable of mimicking systemic (patho-)physiological processes. Commercial chips and human induced pluripotent stem cells and organoids are important for KoC models to study disease mechanisms and assess drug effects, even in a personalized manner. This contributes to the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of animal models for kidney research. A lack of reporting of intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility and translational capacity currently hampers implementation of these models.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Disease Models & Mechanisms},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {dmm050113},
  month = {2023-06-19},
  issn = {1754-8403},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.050113},
  doi = {10.1242/dmm.050113},
}